wikipedia "marketing" 有非常多的連結
中英文都有
Marketing is an integrated 買粉絲munications-based process through which indivials and 買粉絲munities dis買粉絲ver that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.
Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, 買粉絲municating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.
Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also 買粉絲ncerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often dis買粉絲vered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are inter買粉絲nnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.
Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and e買粉絲nomics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary ac買粉絲rding to the times and the culture.
Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of 買粉絲pany performance actions that can influence the 買粉絲nsumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the 買粉絲pany represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix 買粉絲ntained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.
* Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The s買粉絲pe of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
* Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including dis買粉絲unts. The price need not be mo買粉絲ary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
* Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
* Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or 買粉絲pany.
優秀的營銷方案能夠幫助你提高商品的出售效率，提高績效業績。下面是由我為大家整理的“電子商務營銷方案模板4篇”，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。
篇一：電子商務營銷方案模板（一）一、開設網店的背景
隨著電子商務的高速發展，網上購物逐漸成為一種時尚，淘寶網給我們提供一個方便快捷的購物環境。20xx年x月x日，淘寶網發布數據顯示，淘寶網和淘寶商城每天包裹量已超過x萬，占到整個快遞業總包裹的近六成；20xx年，淘寶商城總體品牌數達x萬多個，較上年增幅超過一倍。此外，自xx年起全面開放的淘寶開放平臺在兩年多時間里，已開放xx個API接口，合作獨立軟件開發者總數達xx萬。截至20xx年x月x日，淘寶網幫助xx萬人實現直接就業。
二、個人網店基本介紹
（一）經營方向
xx衣櫥店鋪的店鋪類目為服飾配件/箱包/鞋帽，主要經營男女韓版服飾，潮流休閑鞋，在網店的經營過程中，又增加了精美的飾品。在貨源方面，由于目前處于上學，經濟資源不是很充分的條件下，我選擇了產品代銷的方式，男裝女裝為仿單服飾，xx的直接廠家貨源，價格與市場價相比，較為低廉，主要以薄利多銷為手段，回頭客為目的；飾品為xx的直接廠家貨源，拿貨價低，質量好，性價比很高。
（二）目標群體
小店主要面向的客戶群為x歲的年輕群體，主要是學生和剛走上社會工作不久的人，她們喜歡并有時間上網，但經濟大都不獨立或不完全獨立。這群人對服裝的追求標準主要是在流行和新穎性上，是更換服裝最快的一群，他們對品牌有一定的認知，但大多無力購買名牌服裝，正是我們網店的目標客戶。所以我抓住消費者喜歡網購，樂于購買性價比高的商品的心理因素，在產品的定價上和宣傳上采取一定的策略，定期制定一些特價商品，打開網店的銷路
三、營銷目的
為了更好地滿足消費者的需求，為消費者提供優質的服務。同時也向大家推廣宣傳網店，提高網店的知名度；增強網店的銷售量以及網店的流量。充分建設好網站，進行營銷推廣。
四、市場分析
在網絡淘寶店鋪中，出售的商品分為兩類：實物商品和虛擬商品。我現在以淘寶網為例，具體從幾個方面來分析一些網上商品銷售的市場。
（一）競爭大小分析
實物商品，主要是服裝，配件，數碼及家電，美容用品，應該說生活中人們所需的安全性的東西網上均可出售，除卻藥品及危險性的物品。在淘寶網調查中，以服裝為例，出售女裝的商家最多，商品同質化很大，價格上下浮動大， 商品更新速度極快，需要物流的配合，運費價格收地理因素影響，所以，特性尤為重要。產品的品牌，質量，價格是消費者考慮的最大因素，為此，我以薄利多銷為營銷手段，質量保證，提升商品的性價比。
虛擬商品，主要為充值類商品，無需發貨，商品價格差異小，基本上均為經銷商定價，價格在這一水平線上上下浮動。但出售虛擬商品，必須加入消費者保障協會，加納千元保證金，以達到為消費者保障的目的。所以，出售虛擬類商品的投資較大，但風險較小，競爭相對較小。
（二）市場需求分析
據調查統計，上網購物瀏覽商品的消費者中，以18歲到35歲的年輕群體占比例很大，根據年齡分析，消費者人群主要為不具有收入的學生，收入不想對穩定的年輕工作人群。為此，出售的商品應該是他們喜歡需要的物品。我選擇銷售的商品正是如此，具有時尚氣息的韓版服飾，易于搭配的潮流飾品，甜美的超朝氣蓬勃的服飾配件；既有適合工作場合穿著的