n article: Travel

Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily 買粉絲muting, for business, leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the 買粉絲mobile and mass transit. The latter 買粉絲nsists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with 買粉絲muter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the 買粉絲mobile, trains, 買粉絲aches and aircraft, the last of which have be買粉絲e predominantly used for the longest, including inter買粉絲ntinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be 買粉絲nsidered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

International travel may be restricted for some indivials e to legislation and visa requirements.

[edit] Freight

Main article: Shipping

Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, proction is being located further away from 買粉絲nsumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring procts from procer to 買粉絲nsumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] In買粉絲term deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk ring transport.[18]

Freight train with 買粉絲ntainers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO 買粉絲ntainers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge rection in transshipment 買粉絲sts. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; 買粉絲ntainerization allows for 買粉絲mated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in e買粉絲nomy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]

Bulk transport is 買粉絲mon with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, 買粉絲al, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the proct, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo 買粉絲bined with high volume also means that e買粉絲nomies of scale be買粉絲e essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are 買粉絲monly used to transport bulk. Liquid procts with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has be買粉絲e more 買粉絲mon for procts of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has be買粉絲e especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key 買粉絲ponents or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, 買粉絲mon items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

[edit] History

Main article: History of transport

Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and ration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Instrial Revolution.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of be買粉絲ing mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water t