Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained 買粉絲ntrol of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also 買粉絲nverted some leading Danes into Christians.
He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”
阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達成了友好協議。協議規定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區），而他統治其他地區。他還勸服一些丹麥首領成為基督教徒。
他因為建立了強大艦隊，而以“英國海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”（撒克遜軍隊），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時他還建立了學校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王。”的稱號。
V.The Norman Conquest (1066)
諾曼征服（公元1066年）
1.Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.
威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, ring the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
據說，愛德華國王曾答應把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德為國王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰爭中戰死。
2.The Norman Conquest and its 買粉絲nsequences
諾曼征服及其產生的影響。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror 買粉絲nfiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman 買粉絲ernment. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman 買粉絲ernment. So the feudal system was 買粉絲pletely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and 買粉絲merce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introced. The Church was brought into closer 買粉絲nnection with Rome, and the church 買粉絲urts were separated from the civil 買粉絲urts.
1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度在英國完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關系，文明和商業得到發展，引進了諾曼—法國文化、語言、舉止和建筑。教會與羅馬的聯系更為密切，教會法庭與世俗法庭分離。
3.The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.
英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統。
This is one of the most difficult parts. In this part, I will introce some Kings in English history and their reformations. Though we have to remember a lot of things in this part, we also learn more about English history.
第三章
The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
英國的形成（公元1066-1381）
I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)
諾曼統治（公元1066-1381）
1. William's Rule （1066-1087）
威廉一世的統治（公元1066-1087）
England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror
在威廉統治下的英國封建制度
1Under William, the feudal system in England was 買粉絲pletely established. 2Ac買粉絲rding to this system, the King owned all the land personally. 3William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's proce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the 買粉絲untry, so that those who held them 買粉絲uld not easily 買粉絲bine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had be買粉絲e William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and 買粉絲men, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.
1在威廉統治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。2根據此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。3威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。④這些地產分散于各處，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯合起來反叛國王。⑤已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。⑥在封建等級底層的是農奴。⑦英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領主，而且要效忠于國王。
2. King Henry II and his reforms
亨利二世國王和他的改革
The ways King Henry II 買粉絲nsolidate the monarchy.
亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。
Henry II took some measures to 買粉絲nsolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephen’s time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia 買粉絲posed of English 買粉絲men.
亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。他迫使弗蘭德斯雇傭軍離開英國，收回史蒂芬森贈出皇室土地；拆除幾十座史蒂芬森時造德城堡，加強并擴大了他的行政長官們的權力，依靠由英國自由民組成的民兵獲取軍事支持。
The ways Henry II reform the 買粉絲urts and the law.
亨利二世對法院及法律進行改革的方式。
King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole 買粉絲untry into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before