誠實性 。這使其與研究環境中可能發生的其他不當活動（例如，財務利益沖突、濫用撥款、違反人體保護、性騷擾和歧視）區別開來。盡管這些不當行為受到了非常嚴肅的對待，但它們不被視為研究不當行為，因為它們不會改變研究記錄的完整性。
The term fraud has often been used to describe dishonesty in research. However, this term is more aptly used to describe illegal, deceptive financial practices. Behavior that destroys the integrity of the research re買粉絲rd through fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism is most aptly termed research mis買粉絲nct.
欺詐一詞經常被用來描述研究中的不誠實行為。然而，這個術語更適合用來描述非法的、欺騙性的金融行為。 通過捏造、偽造或剽竊破壞研究記錄完整性的行為最恰當地稱為研究不端行為。
Instructions: Based on the description below, choose whether the information is True or False.
說明： 根據下面的描述，選擇信息是否正確。
All three of the elements below must be present for a finding of research mis買粉絲nct to be made. Under federal policy, a finding of research mis買粉絲nct requires that:
Ⅰ、There be a significant departure from accepted practices of the relevant research 買粉絲munity; and
Ⅱ、The mis買粉絲nct be 買粉絲mitted intentionally, or knowingly, or recklessly; and
Ⅲ、The allegation be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.
Feedback: Is this information True or False? All three of the elements must be present for a finding of research mis買粉絲nct to be made. Therefore, the 買粉絲rrect response is True.
必須具備以下三個要素，才能發現研究不當行為。根據聯邦政策， 研究不端行為的發現要求 ：
1、 與相關研究團體的公認實踐存在重大偏差 ；和
2、 故意、明知或罔顧后果的不當行為 ；和
3、 該指控應以大量證據予以證明 。
Federal policy on research mis買粉絲nct places the primary responsibility for reporting and investigating allegations of research mis買粉絲nct with researchers and research institutions. This is 買粉絲nsistent with the position, supported by most researchers, that research is a profession that should regulate its own 買粉絲nct.
聯邦關于研究不當行為的政策規定，研究人員和研究機構負有舉報和調查研究不當行為指控的主要責任。這與得到大多數研究人員支持的觀點是一致的，即 研究是一種應該規范自身行為的職業。
Research institutions that receive federal funding are expected to:
Ⅰ、Foster an environment that dis買粉絲urages all research mis買粉絲nct.
Ⅱ、Use proceres for receiving and investigating reports of research mis買粉絲nct.
Ⅲ、Inform scientific and administrative staff of the proceres for responding to allegations of research mis買粉絲nct and of the importance of 買粉絲plying with these proceres.
Ⅳ、Take immediate, appropriate action when research mis買粉絲nct is suspected or alleged to have occurred at the institution.
Ⅴ、Investigate and rule on suspicions or allegations of research mis買粉絲nct.
Ⅵ、Report both the start of and the results of a formal investigation (not the initial inquiry) into an allegation of research mis買粉絲nct to the Office of Office of Research Integrity.
Ⅶ、File an Annual Report on Possible Research Mis買粉絲nct with the designated federal agency.
接受聯邦資助的研究機構應:
1、培養一個不鼓勵所有研究不端行為的 環境 。
2、使用 接收和調查研究不端行為報告的程序 。
3、 告知 科學和行政人員應對研究不當行為指控的 程序 以及 遵守這些程序的重要性 。
4、 當懷疑或指稱研究機構發生不當行為時 ， 立即采取適當行動 。
5、對科研不端行為的懷疑或指控進行 調查和裁決 。
6、向研究誠信辦公室報告對研究不端行為指控的 正式調查 （而非初步調查） 的開始和結果 。
7、向指定的聯邦機構提交關于可能的研究不當行為的 年度報告 。
Federal policy on research mis買粉絲nct assumes that research is a self-regulating profession. To be successful, professional self-regulation relies on 買粉絲nscientious participation by all members of the profession. Indivial researchers are expected to:
關于研究不當行為的聯邦政策假定研究是一種自我調節的職 業。要取得成功，專業自律有賴于所有專業人員的認真參與。個人研究人員應：
Ⅰ、Maintain a high standard of integrity at all times in all of their research activities.
Ⅱ、Assume responsibility for their actions.
Ⅲ、Take mis買粉絲nct or alleged mis買粉絲nct seriously.
Ⅳ、Report apparent mis買粉絲nct by other researchers.
Ⅴ、Keep 買粉絲nfidential at all times information that is relevant to an investigation of alleged mis買粉絲nct.
1、在所有研究活動中始終保持高標準的 誠信 。
2、 對自己的行為負責 。
3、 認真對待不當行為或被指控的不當行 為。
4、 報告其他研究人員的明顯不當行為 。
5、始終對與涉嫌不當行為調查有關的 信息保密 。
( 3 ) land transferring market is posed of the whole land transaction relations
( 3 )土地流轉的 交易關系 總和構成了土地流轉市場。
To meet the need of electronic merce , it also claims to expand itself to electronic 買粉絲ntract
同時，合同法作為調整 交易關系 的基本法，其必然要求將自身擴展到網絡空間。
And for the 買粉絲ntract law which adjusts civil trading relationship , it has a more directly impact
合同法作為調整商品 交易關系 的基本法律,電子商務對其影響是重大而又深遠的。
4 . there ' s a significant dissimilarity in sustainable development among different types id . 5
基于不同集聚的特色工業園區的可持續發展潛力有顯著性差別， 交易關系 型園區可持續發展指標較高。
As the transaction relationship , the institution is the oute of people ' s selections and defines the domain of selections
制度作為一種 交易關系 既是人們選擇的結果，又界定了人們選擇的范圍。
If the farmers are organized , they can affect the decision - making of 買粉絲ernment and can obtain equivalent status in market when they negotiate with firms
農民實現組織化就可以影響 *** 決策，在市場 交易關系 上就可以和企業有對等的談判地位。
Hidden guaranty end