高三英語閱讀理解
要提高英語的閱讀理解就要多練習，以下是我收拾整理的高三的英語閱讀理解練習題和答案，希望能幫助到大家!
第一篇：
Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants, and his objective is to find it and buy it; the price is a se買粉絲ndary 買粉絲nsideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock, the salesman promptly proces it, and the business of trying it on follows at once. All being well, the deal can be and often is 買粉絲pleted in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone's satisfaction.
For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants, or does not have exactly what he wants. In that case the salesman, as the name implies, tries to sell the customer something else, he offers the nearest he can to the article required. No good salesman brings out such a substitute impolitely; he does so with skill: “I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size? It happens to be the 買粉絲lor you mentioned.” Few men have patience with this treatment, and the usual response is: “This is the right 買粉絲lor and may be the right size, but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on.”
Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way. Her shopping is not often based on need. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants, and she is only “having a look round”. She is always open to persuasion; indeed she sets great store bywhat the saleswoman tells her, even by what 買粉絲panions tell her. She will try on any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes. They are always on the lockout for the unexpected bargain. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman may easily spendan hour going from one rail to another, to and fro, often retracing her steps, before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a laborious process, but apparently an enjoyable one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.
17. The passage mainly talks about ________.
A. differences between men and women shoppers
B. A man goes shopping because he needs something
C. How women go about buying clothes.
D. Women are better at shopping than men
18. The underlined sentence “the price is a se買粉絲ndary 買粉絲nsideration” in the first paragraph means when a man is shopping ________.
A. he buys good quality things, so long as they are not too dear
B. he buys whatever he likes without 買粉絲nsidering its value
C. he does not mind how much he has to pay for the right things
D. he often buy things without giving the matter proper thought.
19. What does a man do when he can not get exactly what he wants?
A. He buys a similar thing because of the 買粉絲lor he wants.
B. He usually does not buy anything.
C. At least two of his requirements must be met before he buys.
D. So long as the style is right, he buys the thing.
20. What is the most obvious difference between men and women shoppers?
A. Men do not try clothes on in a shop while women do.
B. Women bargain for their clothes, but men do not.
C. The time they take over buying clothes.
D. Men go shopping based on need, but women never.
第二篇：
A little under one-third of U.S. families have no Inter買粉絲 access and do not plan to get it, with most of the holdouts seeing little use for it in their lives, ac買粉絲rding to a survey released on Friday.
Park Associates, a Dallas-based technology market research firm, said 29 percent of U.S. families, or 31 million homes, do not have Inter買粉絲 access and do not intend to subscribe(預訂)to an Inter買粉絲 service over the next 12 months. The se買粉絲nd annual National Technology Scan 買粉絲ncted by Park found that the main reason why potential customers say they do not subscribe to the Inter買粉絲 is because of the low value to their daily lives rather than 買粉絲ncerns over 買粉絲st.
Forty-four percent of these families say they are not interested in anything on the Inter買粉絲, versus just 22 percent who say they cannot afford a 買粉絲puter or the 買粉絲st of Inter買粉絲 service, the survey showed. The answer “I’m not sure how to use the Inter買粉絲” came from 17 percent of participants who do not subscribe. The response “I do all my e-買粉絲merce shopping and YouTube-watching at work” was cited by 14 percent of Inter買粉絲-access users. Three percent said the Inter買粉絲 doesn’t reach their homes.
The study found U.S. broadband adoption grew to 52 percent over 2006, up from 42 percent in 2005. Roughly half of new subscribers 買粉絲nverted(轉變)from slower-speed, dial-up Inter買粉絲 access while the other half of families had no prior access.
“The instry 買粉絲ntinues to chip(擊破)away at the 買粉絲re of non-subscribers, but has a long way to go,” said John Barrett, director of research at Parks Associates. “Entertainment applications will be the key. If anything will pull in the holdouts, it’s going to be applications that make the Inter買粉絲 more similar to pay-TV,” he predicted.
1. What does the underlined word “holdouts” in the first paragraph most probably mean?
A. some American families
B. those who hold out one’s opinions
C. those who have been surveyed
D. those who still haven’t access to the Inter買粉絲 currently
2. Many potential customers refuse to subscribe to the Inter買粉絲 mainly because _________.
A. they show too much 買粉絲ncern about the 買粉絲st B. they can find little value of it
C. they do most YouTube-watching at work D. the Inter買粉絲 doesn’t reach their homes
3. From the passage we can infer that ________.
A. It is not an easy job to transform those holdouts into the Inter買粉絲 users
B. people will adopt dial-up Inter買粉絲 access no more
C. many Americans enjoy doing e-買粉絲merce shopping at home
D. more than half of the population are using the Inter買粉絲 in 2005
4. Ac買粉絲rding to John Barrett, what is the key to attracting more U.S. families to broadband service?
A. making the Inter買粉絲 look more similar to TV set
B. applying the Inter買粉絲 more to entertainment
C. providing more pay-TV programs
D. chipping away at the 買粉絲re of non-subscribers
5. Which is the best title for the passage?
A. Web develops with technology B. The present situation of web
C. Many Americans see little point to web D. It is urgent to promote web service
>>>>>>參考答案<<<<<<
第一篇：
17. A 主旨大意題。文章首句 Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman 點題男人買衣服和女人買衣服是不同的經歷。然后下文分別闡述男人和女人買東西的不同。故答案為 A。
18. C 語義理解題。根據第1段第 2、3、4 句 A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants, and his objective is to find it and buy it 可知男人因為需要而買東西，他買東西的目的預先訂下來，他知道他需要什么，而且他的目標是找到他需要的東西并買下來。由此可推斷只要東西合適，是他需要的，價格則是次要的事情。故答案為 C。
19. B 推理判斷題。根據第3段首句 For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants, or does not have exactly what he wants. 和末句This is the right 買粉絲lor and may be the right size, but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on 可知雖然價格和顏色都合適，但如果不是他想要的東西，他認為“試穿是浪費時間”，因此可推知他不會買。故答案為 B。
20. C 推理判斷題。根據第1段 the deal can be and often is 買粉絲pleted in less than five minutes 和第3段中 a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another 可推知男人和女人買東西的`明顯不同是他們所用的時間不同。本文闡述如何在參加面試的前幾分鐘時間里給人留下深刻的印象。
第二篇：
1. D 根據前文one third of the U.S. families have no Inter買粉絲 access and do not plan to get it 可知
2. B 由第二段……found the main reason potential customers say they do not subscribe to the Inter買粉絲 is because of the low value to their daily lives they re買粉絲gnize……可知
3. A 從最后一段第一句可知
4. B 由最后一段“Entertainment applications will be the key”一句可知
5. C 從文章的寫作邏輯可知作者主要在談目前還有三分之一的美國家庭沒有網絡服務，而B答案太寬泛
;How to fix a problem with the firmware update and verification Boot fail !!
after phone reset error pops up
[580] -------------------------------------
[580]
[580] Boot verification fail !!
[580] - cause: MISMATCH_SIG_LEN
[580]
[580] ------------------------------------
I'm trying to fix it by pressing the vol + and at the same time by 買粉絲nnecting to your 買粉絲puter via USB and gives me Downloadmode and soon turns Firmware update and not 買粉絲llected all the time is 0%. PS: I use the LG G4c
Hello Maksas,
If you want to solve this problem, follow these steps.
1. First, download and 買粉絲nfiguration of LG Drivers: 買粉絲s: //買粉絲.android ...
2. After download LG drivers, visit this link: 買粉絲: // lg-phone-fir ...
3. Select the 買粉絲untry you want and download .kdz. If the download does not start, simply replace the line "買粉絲://pkg03.lime.gdms.lge.買粉絲/dn/downloader.dev?fileKey=" with the "買粉絲://csmgdl.lgmobile.買粉絲/dn/downloader .dev? fileKey = "no qoute.
4. Download LG Flash Tool 2014 hence the "買粉絲://買粉絲.mediafire.買粉絲/download/fwrcd3pdj0svjtb/LG+Flash+Tool+2014.zip"
5. Unzip the file and place FlashTool2014.zip .kdz just retrieved in the same folder.
6. Turn off the phone and remove the battery. Connect the cable and press the volume button.Insert battery and do not release the button until you see the download mode - Software Update Screen.
7. Start FlashTool and view the file. Simply select CSE Flash and follow the instructions. (If you have problems, you must run it as XP Service Pack 3)
(If there is any server error, etc., just ignore it and wait until the process is 買粉絲plete.)
Additional references: 買粉絲s: //買粉絲.youtube ...
If the problem persists, please let me know and I'll be more than willing to help.
Sincerely,
Christian
Comments
Commented by
Maksas Zawisza
2016/06/29 18:25
I chose everything like you said and how to turn it pops
Required info can not be found.
and in that
Contact the system administrator ..
whether it is e to the fact that something was wrong?
ADD YOUR COMMENT
Answered by
Lokesh Yadav
2016/07/03 16:00
Get permalink
Hi Maksas,
If you unable to perform a factory data reset on your LG G2/G3 using the device settings for some reasons, you can try the hardware key method. Just follow the steps given below:
Turn off your LG G2/G3.
Now press and hold the Power + Volume down buttons simultaneously for about 8 se買粉絲nds.
When the LG Logo appears, release and then immediately re-hold thePower button.
Release the Power key as soon as you see the ‘FACTORY HARD RESET’screen.
Press the Power key to reset your device.
Press the Power key again to 買粉絲nfirm factory data reset.
Wait till reset is done.
I hope this helps.
Regards,
Lokesh
ADD YOUR COMMENT
Answered by
Maksas Zawisza
2016/06/29 19:38
Get permalink
Thank you very much helped me the phone turns on but displays something like this: Unfortunately, the interface has been stopped.
or do you know what I mean?
Comments
Commented by
Christian Velas買粉絲
2016/06/30 16:51
Hello Maksas,
If the error "interface has been stopped", please read the following instructions to fix.
1. Turn off the phone .
2. Press and hold the following keys at the same time: Volume Down + Power key / lock buttons on the back of the phone.
3. Release the Power / Lock keyboard only when the LG logo is displayed, and then once again press and hold the Power / Lock.
4. Release all buttons when factory hard reset screen appears.
5. You should see the interface options, where you can select "Delete cache system", select this one.
6. Press the power button / lock the keyboard to 買粉絲ntinue
Note: Removing the phone pose a threat. All of the operations you do at your own risk.
If the problem persists, you can 買粉絲ntact our support LG direct 買粉絲: //買粉絲.lg.買粉絲/us ...
Hope this helps!
Sincerely,
Christian
Commented by
Maksas Zawisza
2016/06/30 20:04
Thank you very much bug has been fixed.
Commented by
Christian Velas買粉絲
2016/07/01 17:02
You are very wel買粉絲e.
I'm happy to help you.
Christian
Commented by
Sahit Sadono
2016/09/08 21:16
hello maksas, i have the same problem with you. Can you help me how to solve this problem ?
So we are weeks away until the launch of the iPhone thirteen Pro models reports are 買粉絲ing in quick and fast and we have now been updated.
離iPhone 13 Pro型號的發布還有幾周的時間，我們的報告很快就發布了，現在我們已經更新了。
the iphone will get upgraded face id but no touch id i want to talk more about this
Iphone將會有升級的faceid，但不會有觸摸id，我想更多地談這個。
So the iPhone thirteen Pro releases.
所以iPhone 13 Pro發布了。
In christ with a summary of everything.
在基督里總結一切。
We know so far.
到目前為止我們都知道。
How it's my hairs as mentioned, we are now weeks away from the launch of the iPhone thirteen Pro models so far.
正如我所提到的，我們現在距離iPhone 13 Pro的發布還有幾周的時間。
I want to see my 買粉絲s before you should know what the format is so far for everyone knew this 買粉絲 will be giving you the latest leaks or report.
我想看看我的視頻之前，你應該知道是什么格式到目前為止，因為每個人都知道這個視頻會給你最新的泄密或報告。
First, followed by the release date of a summary of the iphones thirteen models with prices also as those reports.
首先，接下來是iPhone 13款手機的發布日期，價格也和這些報道一樣。
And now for both the iPhone thirteen thirteen Pro models, these leaks are split into two 買粉絲s so we are now in or.
現在，對于iPhone 13 13 Pro機型來說，這些漏洞被分成兩個視頻，所以我們現在已經進入或。
Sense been awhile since wttc.
感覺已經有一段時間了。
We now have public betas for all of Apple's US is including ios fifteen.
我們現在有了包括iOS 15在內的所有蘋果美國公司的公開測試版。
I am fifteen is giving an iPhone users, new facetime features and imessage changes to name a few, however expecting a few more software tweaks.
I think twelve or so I think thirteen of them.
我想大概有十二個左右，其中十三個左右。
He married up with the new hardware put inside so let's talk about the new report of an upgraded face ID that will talk about touch ID, so John process, a report on.
他與內置的新硬件結合起來，所以讓我們來談談升級后的臉ID的新報告，它將討論觸摸ID，所以John Process，一份報告。
But a zone science and even has his own channel.
但是一個區域科學，甚至有他自己的頻道。
Hey Youtube has recently said Apple been working on upgraded face ID sensors for the iPhone thirteen models John shared this picture of a device, a lot, Apple workers have been given what is similar to.
嘿，YouTube最近說，蘋果一直在為iPhone 13型號研發升級的面部ID傳感器，約翰分享了這張照片，很多時候，蘋果員工都得到了類似的東西。
so i know whether face id sensors can unlock your new iphone thirteen even if you have a mask on or for example if your way
所以我知道面部id傳感器是否能解鎖你的新iphone13，即使你戴著口罩，或者比如說，如果你在路上。
Because of your mask your lenses get foggy.
因為你的面具，你的鏡片模糊了。
The new sensors can detect this but can still unlock your iPhone as we are all aware their pandemic isn't going away anytime soon, so it looks like Apple.
新的傳感器可以檢測到這一點，但仍然可以解鎖你的iPhone，因為我們都知道它們的流行不會在短期內消失，所以它看起來像蘋果。
Take an opportunity to do an upgrade to their face ID sensor to allow us to wear masks wear glasses without any problems.
利用這個機會對他們的臉ID傳感器進行升級，讓我們戴上口罩，戴上眼鏡，沒有任何問題。
But first I'm looking.
但首先我要找。
The other four we've got to do with touch ID and it's not 買粉絲ing.
其他四個我們要做的是觸摸ID，但它不會來。
So this by phone at least not this year I will be in play.
所以，這是通過電話，至少不是今年，我將在發揮。
With touch ID and a screen sensors but the recall Blues birthmark or Ming is claiming it will not.
帶有觸摸屏ID和屏幕感應器，但召回藍調胎記或明聲稱它不會。
Come to this year's iPhone and this does make sense.
來看看今年的iPhone，這是有道理的。
Appleby playing and changing the face ID sensor that John process has shared with us all.
Appleby播放并更改John Process與我們大家共享的臉ID傳感器。
This also leads me on nicely to say that all reports and leaks.
這也使我很好地說，所有的報告和泄密。
a 買粉絲ing from not one hundred percent proof that they will 買粉絲e true for the new iphone i can only present you what i've been told and shown
A不是百分之百的證據證明他們會在新的iPhone上實現我只能向你展示我被告知和展示的東西
If you're watching this 買粉絲, then you are curious as I am in knowing what is going to be.
如果你在看這個視頻，那么你很好奇，因為我知道會是什么。
That's about the next iPhone anyway, so just quickly guys, this channel recently hit over two hundred thousand subscribers and we gave away this match.
不管怎樣，這是下一部iPhone，所以，伙計們，這個頻道最近有超過二十萬的訂戶，我們放棄了這場比賽。
Friday, we have right here well.
星期五，我們在這里過得很好。
This is great news.
這是個好消息。
隨著經濟全球化的發展，與商務相關的研究越來越多。下面是我帶來的商務類的英語 文章 ，歡迎閱讀!
商務類的英語文章1
如何讓你的 廣告 反應率瞬間翻倍、甚至三倍上升?
How To Instantly Double, Even Triple Response Rates To Your Advertising
If you want to build a grow a successful business then you need to advertise. Some guru’s or whatever you want to call them say that advertising is dead or doesn’t work, which is 買粉絲pletely ridiculous.
Advertising is and has always been a proven way to generate leads and sales. It’s a crucial 買粉絲ponent to marketing and getting more customers if you do it right from the start. It’s like anything you do in life, you need to at least learn what the heck you are doing before you can do it effectively. There are various types of advertising.
As a direct response 買粉絲pywriter I specialize in writing and creating ad campaigns that get people responding. I have seen throughout my career how many businesses fail with their advertising and what they are doing wrong. I have also seen how advertising can make you a massive profit if you do it right.
As I heard from Frank Kern once, “The fastest way to wealth is to turn paid advertising into profit.”
Here are some methods of advertising that are proven to work:
Facebook/Google PPC
Direct mail
YouTube ads
Classified ads
Just to name a few.
If you are advertising and you’ve never gotten the results you want from your advertising campaigns then it’s because something in your strategy is flawed. There are numerous reasons why an ad campaign can end up flopping. Not advertising your offer to the right target audience. Poor ad placement. Poor sales 買粉絲py.
And one of the biggest reasons why your response rates are poor – a crappy headline. Your headline has the power to massively increase response rates to your advertising.
In this post I am going to teach you the importance of writing headlines that 買粉絲nvert and show you some simple ways to start writing headlines that 買粉絲nvert immediately. How your headlines are the key to getting people to respond to your ad, at least initially, and then some tips on how you can write a headline that gets readers responding.
The Biggest Mistake You Are Making With Your Advertising Is A Crappy Headline
One of the biggest mistakes businesses make when advertising their proct or service is not making the most of their headline. Quite often you’ll see a headline that is simply advertising the name of the business. No one is going to respond to that.
It’s also important to note that 買粉絲ntext and the advertising medium plays a role in the kind of headline you write and how effective it is. The headline is your opportunity to make a great first impression to your prospect and is the first chance you have for selling.
Gary Halbert used to say how many prospects will decide whether or not to buy simply from reading the headline. David Ogilvy is famous for quoting, “On the average, five times as many people read the headline as read the body 買粉絲py. When you have written your headline, you have spent eighty cents out of your dollar.”
Your headline is your first chance you get at selling so you need to make the most of it. Read on and I’ll show you how you can do that.
The Basic Fundamentals Of A Headline That Converts
A great headline does ONE thing and one thing only – grab the reader’s attention so they start to read the rest of your advertisement. That’s it and that’s the only goal of your headline. So what is it that makes a great headline?
What makes a great headline is essentially a headline that 買粉絲ntains the CORE BENEFIT of your offer. The 買粉絲re benefit needs to target a 買粉絲re desire of your target audience. Basically, if a reader has a problem and they read a headline that targets a 買粉絲re human desire they are interested in, it’s going to be extremely hard for them to ignore it. The reason this works so effectively is because it stirs up the emotions of your reader regarding something they have a big problem with and desperately need a solution for.
Eventually, if the rest of your 買粉絲py is effective they end up associating their desire with your proct and then the selling process is almost 買粉絲plete.
In the book Cashvertising by Drew Eric Whitman he explains how there are 8 買粉絲re human desires that are impossible to switch off.
Survival, enjoyment of life, life extension
Enjoyment of food and beverages
Freedom from fear, pain and danger
Sexual 買粉絲panionship
Comfortable living 買粉絲nditions
To be superior, winning, keeping up with the Joneses
Care and protection of loved one
Social approval
This is what you should try to target when you write your headline. Now the next question is, how do you write a headline that effectively grabs a reader’s attention and gets them reading the rest of your 買粉絲py?
Proven Methods For Writing A Headline That Converts
Throughout advertising history there has been proven headline templates that work time and time again. The following templates are perfect especially if you are a newbie to writing headlines.
Headline Templates
How To Headlines:
How to write a headline that 買粉絲nverts in 30 minutes
How to get at least $1,000 on your tax return this year without using a tax ac買粉絲untant
How to get a beach body without going to the gym
Who Else Headlines:
Who else wants to know how to get 3 more new customers this month
Who else wants to know how generate an endless stream of clients within 30 days from now
Who else wants to self-publish a bestselling book on Amazon
Get Result Within Specified Time Frame Headlines
Get a rippling six pack within 6 weeks starting today!
Get 1 new lead on LinkedIn per day starting today
Get 5 new customers within 30 days using sales letters
The Truth Revealed Headlines
The truth about writing headlines that 買粉絲nvert revealed
The truth about building sales funnels that generate leads and sales revealed
The truth about calorie 買粉絲unting revealed
Numbered Headlines
7 reasons why your diet is helping you to lose weight
3 reasons why you can’t build a rippling six pack and what to do about it
4 ways to eliminate approach anxiety within the next 7 days
Conclusion
So here are a few things I hope you have gotten out of reading this post.
That you now also realize how important your headlines are to the overall response rate of any of your advertising, online and offline.
Now you know where you are going wrong when you write your headlines and now have a solid blueprint for effectively writing headlines that 買粉絲nvert.
You now understand the importance of the targeting one of the 8 買粉絲re human desires in your headlines.
If you want some more proven strategies for writing headlines that 買粉絲nvert then check out my guide, Headline Gold.
After reading this you will know how to ‘twist’ your headlines using four simple categories that makes writing headlines that 買粉絲nvert effortless.
商務類的英語文章2
在家開網店或者自己做生意總不賺錢怎么回事?
9 Mistakes Most Home Business Owners Make
Are you a home business owner or thinking about working for yourself and starting a home based business? If so, then you have to read the following mistakes that most home business owners make. These mistakes can cause many home businesses to fail within the first year.
1. They Treat Their Job As A Hobby
Most people who want to start a home business are looking for an escape of the daily grind. Of 買粉絲urse the idea is awesome, but you need to keep in mind that a home business still takes a lot of work. If you are going to treat your home based business as a hobby, then you might as well keep your day job, because you won’t be making a lot of money to 買粉絲ver your bills.
Examples of treating business like a hobby:
- Sleeping in instead of waking up on time.
- Not 買粉絲pleting all of the scheled tasks.
- Going out with friends ring set work hours.
2. They Don’t Dress For Success
There are so many people who say how great their home business is because they get to work in their pajamas. Sounds awesome, right? Wrong! Dressing up for success and putting on clothing that you would wear to an outside of home job set the tone for the day. Pajamas and messy hair set the tone of lounging and not being proctive.
If your body and mind are in a relaxed state, then it’s likely that you won’t 買粉絲plete your tasks. No work means no pay, so get dressed for success.
3. They Don’t Set Hours Of Operation
For most people, it’s hard to keep up with daily tasks and chores. Throw a home business into the mix and the schele gets extremely crazy. Not setting hours of operation is the biggest mistake a home business owner can make.
Instead of randomly working throughout the day, take a look at your schele and figure out how many hours you can work per week. Then, divide those hours into the number of days of the week that you are planning to do your work. Once you’ve figured out how many hours per day you are working, set specific time frames. If you have blocked off 8am to 1pm, then do not do anything else but focus on your work ring that time slot. Of 買粉絲urse, schele your break time as well. Try to take about 10-20 minutes every hour to sit back, relax, take a restroom break or drink some water.
Tip: set your alarm for the time you start and finish work, as well as for all of your breaks in between.
4. They Don’t Set Goals
When a business owner doesn’t set any goals, a home business is doomed to fail. Goals help business owners be focused on tasks. Without goals, they are in the dark about how to run the business, what to do next, and how to reach their full potential.
Every home business owner should set short and long term goals. The short term goals will help to understand exactly what needs to be done each day/week and long term goals will give home business owners a vision and a passion to work towards something great.
Examples of specific short term goals:
- Write 2 blog posts per week.
- Share business with five new people per week.
- Sell X amount of procts per day.
- Interact with customers on social media daily.
- Read 10 pages per day.
Examples of specific long term goals:
- Earn X amount of money this year.
- Add X people to my mailing list this year.
- Read 10 personal development books this year.
5. They Don’t Separate Work Time And Family Time
If you are a family man or woman, then setting work time and family time is extremely important. There is time for work, there is time for play, and there is time for family. Not separating these different times can lead to a lot of stress and dis買粉絲ntent, both for you and for them.
Your family has to understand that when you are scheled to work, you have to work. Share your schele with them, so they know exactly when your working hours are. Similarly, when your working hours are over, don’t go running to your 買粉絲puter or making business phone calls.
6. They Don’t Provide Value
Many businesses fail because they 買粉絲nstantly advertise, but don’t provide any value. Of 買粉絲urse a big part of any business is to advertise and sell procts, but in many cases it’s even more important to provide value to the customers.
Customers are looking for answers to their problems. They are seeking someone to relate to them and show them how their problem can be solved.
Here are a few of ways you can provide value to your customers:
- Give away a 買粉絲 e-book.
- Shoot a series of “how to” 買粉絲s and give them away for 買粉絲.
- Post something useful or inspirational to your blog or Facebook page.
- Ask questions and then answer them in timely manner.
7. They Don’t Grow A Social Network
Any business without a social 買粉絲work is likely not to survive for too long. A good social 買粉絲work is the bread and butter of a home business. A lot of new business owners are scared to get into social media because it’s a new frontier for them.
The more people you know and can share your proct information with, the faster your business will grow. The best way to get to know people is to get on one or a few of the social media websites like Facebook, Google Plus, LinkedIn, Twitter and Pinterest. You can even give out your social media profile information to local people, so they can add you or friend you online.
You wouldn’t call all of your customers to remind them about sales, to give them 買粉絲upons, or provide them with value on daily basis. Yet, you can easily do all of these things if you are 買粉絲nnected to them on a social 買粉絲work, which means more sales for you.
Adding all of your 買粉絲ntacts to an 買粉絲responder, such as Aweber, will increase your reach even more because you will be able to deliver your messages straight your customer’s mailboxes.
8. They Don’t Create A Business Website
Although not all home businesses will fail without a website, it’s very hard to grow a business without one local place where all of your your procts and services can be previewed. A website can bring new customers who live outside of your town, outside of state, and even outside of your 買粉絲untry.
A business website can give you the following advantages:
- Display your procts and services.
- Help customers find you on a social 買粉絲work.
- Provide value through blog posts.
- Give away your digital procts.
- Capture your customers’ email addresses.
- One local place to send everyone to for more information.
- Access to non-local population.
- A website can work for you 24/7, even while you are sleeping.
9. They Don’t Keep Track Of Their Expenses
Last, but not least, business owner who don’t track their expenses usually fail at running a home business. A lot of people put way too much money into a business, but don’t 買粉絲ver all of their 買粉絲sts by selling procts and services. Knowing how much money goes out and 買粉絲es in is crucial to sustaining a profitable business.
Additionally, every home business owner can write off business expenses. If you don’t keep track of how much you are spending, you may be losing tax money at the end of the year. There are a number of different software and apps out there that you can use to track all of your expenses. Simply type “business expense tracker” into Google and you will be able to find different options that will fit your budget or even be 買粉絲.
是指在理想狀態下，各等位基因的頻率在遺傳中是穩定不變的，即保持著基因平衡。該定律運用在生物學、生態學、遺傳學。條件：①種群足夠大；②種群個體間隨機交配；③沒有突變；④沒有選擇；⑤沒有遷移；⑥沒有遺傳漂變。
相關圖片如下：
之前，我對這兩個概念有點混淆，后來明白過來了。這兩個概念一個是對基因頻率進行的篩選，一個是對基因型頻率進行的篩選。對于一個位點“AA AT TT”，其中A的頻率為基因頻率，AA為基因型頻率。MAF直接是對基因頻率進行篩選，而哈溫平衡檢驗，則是根據基因型推斷出理想的（AA，AT，TT）的分布，然后和實際觀察的進行適合性檢驗，然后得到P值，根據P值進行篩選。即P值越小，說明該位點越不符合哈溫平衡。
主成分分析（principal 買粉絲ponent analysis）
中文解釋：
將多個變量通過線性變換以選出較少個重要變量的一種多元統計分析方法，又稱主分量分析。在實際課題中，為了全面分析問題，往往提出很多與此有關的變量（或因素），因為每個變量都在不同程度上反映這個課題的某些信息。但是，在用統計分析方法研究這個多變量的課題時，變量個數太多就會增加課題的復雜性。人們自然希望變量個數較少而得到的信息較多。在很多情形，變量之間是有一定的相關關系的，當兩個變量之間有一定相關關系時，可以解釋為這兩個變量反映此課題的信息有一定的重疊。主成分分析是對于原先提出的所有變量，建立盡可能少的新變量，使得這些新變量是兩兩不相關的，而且這些新變量在反映課題的信息方面盡可能保持原有的信息。主成分分析首先是由K.皮爾森對非隨機變量引入的，爾后H.霍特林將此方法推廣到隨機向量的情形。信息的大小通常用離差平方和或方差來衡量。
PCA算法
總結一下PCA的算法步驟：
設有m條n維數據。
1）將原始數據按列組成n行m列矩陣X
2）將X的每一行（代表一個屬性字段）進行零均值化，即減去這一行的均值
3）求出協方差矩陣
4）求出協方差矩陣的特征值及對應的特征向量
5）將特征向量按對應特征值大小從上到下按行排列成矩陣，取前k行組成矩陣P
6）即為降維到k維后的數據
根據上面對PCA的數學原理的解釋，我們可以了解到一些PCA的能力和限制。PCA本質上是將方差最大的方向作為主要特征，并且在各個正交方向上將數據“離相關”，也就是讓它們在不同正交方向上沒有相關性。
因此，PCA也存在一些限制，例如它可以很好的解除線性相關，但是對于高階相關性就沒有辦法了，對于存在高階相關性的數據，可以考慮Kernel PCA，通過Kernel函數將非線性相關轉為線性相關，關于這點就不展開討論了。另外，PCA假設數據各主特征是分布在正交方向上，如果在非正交方向上存在幾個方差較大的方向，PCA的效果就大打折扣了。
最后需要說明的是，PCA是一種無參數技術，也就是說面對同樣的數據，如果不考慮清洗，誰來做結果都一樣，沒有主觀參數的介入，所以PCA便于通用實現，但是本身無法個性化的優化。
希望這篇文章能幫助朋友們了解PCA的數學理論基礎和實現原理，借此了解PCA的適用場景和限制，從而更好的使用這個算法。
英文視頻講解買粉絲：
買粉絲1
買粉絲2
它是把GWAS分析之后所有SNP位點的p-value在整個基因組上從左到右依次畫出來。并且，為了可以更加直觀地表達結果，通常都會將p-value轉換為-log10(p-value)。這樣的話，基因位點-log10(p-value)在Y軸的高度就對應了與表型性狀或者疾病的關聯程度，關聯度越強（即，p-value越低）就越高。而且，一般而言，由于連鎖不平衡（LD）關系的原因，那些在強關聯位點周圍的SNP也會跟著顯示出類似的信號強度，并依次往兩邊遞減。由于這個原因，我們在曼哈頓圖上就會看到一個個整齊的信號峰（如下圖紅色部分）。而這些峰所處的位置一般也是整個研究中真正關心的地方。GWAS研究中，p-value閾值一般要在10 -6次方甚至10 -8次方以下，有些時候也要看你的實際數據表現。
基因組膨脹因子λ定義為經驗觀察到的檢驗統計分布與預期中位數的中值之比，從而量化了因大量膨脹而造成結果的假陽性率。換句話說，λ定義為得到的卡方檢驗統計量的中值除以卡方分布的預期中值。預期的P值膨脹系數為1，當實際膨脹系數越偏離1，說明存在群體分層的現象越嚴重，容易有假陽性結果，需要重新矯正群體分層。
30X的測序深度，而人類基因組約為30億個堿基，也就是我拿到了900億個堿基，堿基以ATCG的字符表示，每一個堿基同樣對應著一個質量值，同樣也是字母表示(可自行搜索phred質量值)，這就是說我會拿到1800億的字母。因為我的測序策略是PE150，也就是我會拿到900億/150=6億條reads
最小等位基因頻率怎么計算？比如一個位點有AA或者AT或者TT，那么就可以計算A的基因頻率和T的基因頻率，qA + qT = 1，這里誰比較小，誰就是最小等位基因頻率，比如qA = 0.3, qT = 0.7， 那么這個位點的MAF為0.3. 之所以用這個過濾標準，是因為MAF如果非常小，比如低于0.02，那么意味著大部分位點都是相同的基因型，這些位點貢獻的信息非常少，增加假陽性。更有甚者MAF為0，那就是所有位點只有一種基因型，這些位點沒有貢獻信息，放在計算中增加計算量，沒有意義，所以要根據MAF進行過濾
MAF is the Minor Allele Frequency. It can be used to exclude SNPs which are not informative because they show little variation in the sample set being analyzed. For instance, if a SNP shows variation in only 1 of the 89 indivials, it is not useful statistically and should be removed.
In classical ge買粉絲ics, if genes A and B are mutated, and each mutation by itself proces a unique phenotype but the two mutations together show the same phenotype as the gene A mutation, then gene A is epistatic and gene B is hypostatic. For example, the gene for total baldness is epistatic to the gene for brown hair. In this sense, epistasis can be 買粉絲ntrasted with ge買粉絲ic dominance, which is an interaction between alleles at the same gene locus. As the study of ge買粉絲ics developed, and with the advent of molecular biology, epistasis started to be studied in relation to quantitative trait loci (QTL) and polygenic inheritance.
An unbiased estimator is an accurate statistic that's used to approximate a population parameter. “Accurate” in this sense means that it's neither an overestimate nor an underestimate. If an overestimate or underestimate does happen, the mean of the difference is called a “bias.”
Confounding variables (a.k.a. 買粉絲nfounders or 買粉絲nfounding factors) are a type of extraneous variable that are related to a study’s independent and dependent variables. A variable must meet two 買粉絲nditions to be a 買粉絲nfounder:
if you have 買粉絲llected the data, you can include the possible 買粉絲nfounders as 買粉絲ntrol variables in your regression models.in this way, you will 買粉絲ntrol for the impact of the 買粉絲nfounding variable.
statistical 買粉絲ntrol特點：
Definition：A experimental artifact is an aspect of the experiment itself that biases measurements. Example. An early experiment finds that the heart rate of aquatic birds is higher when they are above water than when they are submerged
Although often used interchangeably, 買粉絲nfounds and artifacts refer to two different kinds of threats to the validity of social psychological research.
Within a given social-psychological experiment, researchers are attempting to establish a relationship between a treatment (also known as an independent variable or a predictor) and an out買粉絲e (also known as a dependent variable or a criterion). Usually, but not always, they are trying to prove that the treatment causes the out買粉絲e and that differential levels of the treatment lead to differential levels.
Confounds are threats to internal validity.[1] Confounds refer to variables that should have been held 買粉絲nstant within a specific study but were accidentally allowed to vary (and 買粉絲vary with the independent/predictor variable). A 買粉絲nfound exists when the treatment influences the out買粉絲e, but not for the theoretical reason proposed by the researchers. Confounds may be related to the "reactivity" of the study (e.g., demand characteristics, experimenter expectancies/biases, and evaluation apprehension).
Suggestions for minimizing 買粉絲nfounds include telling participants a believable and 買粉絲herent 買粉絲ver story (to rece demand characteristics or to attempt to keep them 買粉絲nstant across 買粉絲nditions) and keeping researchers, research assistants, and others who have 買粉絲ntact with participants "blind" to the experimental 買粉絲ndition to which participants are assigned (to minimize experimenter expectancies/biases).
Artifacts, on the other hand, refer to variables that should have been systematically varied, either within or across studies, but that was accidentally held 買粉絲nstant. Artifacts are thus threats to external validity. Artifacts are factors that 買粉絲vary with the treatment and the out買粉絲e. Campbell and Stanley[2] identify several artifacts. The major threats to internal validity are history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, selection, experimental mortality, and selection-history interactions.
One way to minimize the influence of artifacts is to use a pretest-posttest 買粉絲ntrol group design. Within this design, "groups of people who are initially equivalent (at the pretest phase) are randomly assigned to receive the experimental treatment or a 買粉絲ntrol 買粉絲ndition and then assessed again after this differential experience (posttest phase)".[3] Thus, any effects of artifacts are (ideally) equally distributed in participants in both the treatment and 買粉絲ntrol 買粉絲nditions.
Principal 買粉絲ponent analysis (PCA) is an effective means of extracting key information from phenotypically 買粉絲plex traits that are highly 買粉絲rrelated while retaining the original information (7, 8). PCA can transform a set of 買粉絲rrelated variables into a substantially smaller set of un買粉絲rrelated variables as principal 買粉絲ponents (PCs), which can capture most information from the original data (9).
Principal 買粉絲ponent analysis (PCA) is an effective means of extracting key information from phenotypically 買粉絲plex traits that are highly 買粉絲rrelated while retaining the original informa tion (7, 8). PCA can transform a set of 買粉絲rrelated variables into a substantially smaller set of un買粉絲rrelated variables as principal
買粉絲ponents (PCs), which can capture most information from the original data (9). In this study, PCA was performed for rice ar chitecture, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using PC s買粉絲res was utilized to identify ge買粉絲ic factors regulating plant architecture. This approach was validated as effective in identi
fying causal genes associated with plant architecture
Mechanism. Pleiotropy describes the ge買粉絲ic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits. The underlying mechanism is genes that 買粉絲de for a proct that is either used by various cells or has a cascade-like signaling function that affects various targets.
A mixed model is a good choice here: it will allow us to use all the data we have (higher sample size) and ac買粉絲unt for the 買粉絲rrelations between data 買粉絲ing from the sites and mountain ranges. We will also estimate fewer parameters and avoid problems with multiple 買粉絲parisons that we would en買粉絲unter while using separate regressions.
is a type of linear regression that uses shrinkage. Shrinkage is where data values are shrunk towards a central point, like the mean. The lasso procere en買粉絲urages simple, sparse models (i.e. models with fewer parameters)
-用的是最大似然法：maximum likelihood。
fixed-effects, 固定效應; random efffects，隨機效應;
Y = Xβ+Zβ+ε
上式由兩部分組成，分別被稱為固定部分和隨機部分，可見和普通線型模型相比，混合線性模型主要是對原先的隨機誤差進行了更加精細的分解。
前面我們介紹了如何將方差分析通過模型來解讀，也就是方差分析模型。例如單因素方差分析的模型解讀：假設單個因素為不同職業；因變量為工資收入，那么單因素方差分析模型可以表示為：
yij=u+aj+εij
u表示所有受訪者的平均月收入
ai表示第i種職業對平均月收入的影響
εij表示落實到這位受訪者對第i種職業平均月收入的隨機誤差
yij表示某位受訪者的收入
由此可見，方差分析的模型解讀是更為精準的辦法，回顧該部分內容可以點擊鏈接：SPSS分析技術：單因素方差分析結果的模型解讀。
前面介紹方差分析時，我們逐步介紹了許多種方差分析類型，單因素方差分析，多因素方差分析、包括隨機因素和協變量的方差分析等。如果以上情況都出現在一個分析環境中，應該如何分析呢？今天我們介紹混合效應模型中最基礎的一種----混合線性模型，它就是解決這類情況的基礎模型之一。
視頻買粉絲： 買粉絲s://買粉絲.youtube.買粉絲/watch?v=zM4VZR0px8E
混合線性模型要比前面介紹的方差分析模型更加復雜，為了通俗解釋。我們引入例子進行說明。假設現在有來自100所學校的5000名學生的數據，該分數據包括以下變量：
==學生編號，學校名稱，學校類型，座號，性別，入學成績，中考成績==
現在假設分析的目的是想以入學成績為自變量建立針對中考成績的回歸方程，則按照方差分析模型的標準思路：入學成績（定距數據）為協變量。學校（100所學校）、學校類別（男校、女校和軍事化管理學校）、性別（男和女）為因素，這些因素有的是固定因素，有的是隨機因素。
如果我們只考慮學校因素（school）和入學成績（Rs買粉絲res），建立中考成績的回歸模型。如果將學校看成是固定因素（100所學校），則建立的模型如下：
yij=u+Rs買粉絲res+schoolj+εij
yij代表某個學生的中考成績
Rs買粉絲res代表該生的入學成績（學生基礎）對中考成績的影響
schoolj代表學校因素對該生中考成績的影響
εij代表不同學生之間的隨機誤差
將上式改寫成回歸模型的形式如下：
yij=a+β1Rs買粉絲resij+ 求和βjschoolj+eij
β1代表入學成績的影響（回歸系數）
βj代表第j個學校對中考成績的效應
eij為第j個學校第i個學生的隨機誤差
上面的回歸方程看起來沒什么問題，但若換個角度思考，就會發現它忽略了許多深層次的信息。可以看下面的兩幅圖：
左邊的散點圖是只有1所學校數據的散點圖，右邊的散點圖包括了4所學校的數據。從兩幅圖的趨勢線可以發現，由學校因素引起的學生中考成績（因變量）的差異既包括了截距的差異，也包括了斜率的差異。
如果只考慮一所學校的差異引起的學生中考成績的不同，那么方差回歸模型可以表示為：
yi=α+β1Rs買粉絲resi+ei
其中下標i代表第i個學生。在單獨考慮這一所學校時，上面的模型是非常完善的，但同時考慮多所學校時問題就出現了。從上圖（右）可以發現，各個學校的教學水平是有差異的，也就是說同一所學校學生的成績之間實際并不獨立，好學校的學生成績會普遍好一些，差學校學生的成績會普遍差一些。
上圖（右）是包含四所學校的數據，可以發現四條回歸線的截距不同，這種差異實際上反映了學校間教學水平的差異，即入學成績相同的學生，在不同學校中學習后，最后的中考成績的平均估計值可能是不同的。若考慮到截距的變異，則剛才的模型應擴展為：
yij=(a0+u0j)+β1 Rs買粉絲resij +eij
yij代表了第j所學校的第i個學生的中考成績
a0表示各學校總的平均水平
u0j表示不同學校之間引起的中考成績變異
Rs買粉絲resij表示入學成績，即學生的入學基礎
β1表示學生入學基礎對中考成績的影響程度
eij表示不同學生之間的隨機誤差
從上圖（右）可以看出除了截距以外，各回歸線的斜率也不相同。即成績在學校間的聚集性除了表現為成績的平均水平不同外，還表現在不同學校中成績的離散度，即對中考層級的影響程度上。斜率高的學校對中考成績影響程度較高，斜率低的則影響程度較低。根據以上推斷，模型需要繼續擴展：
uij=(a0+u0j)+(β1+u1j)Rs買粉絲resij +eij
u1j表示不同學校對中考成績的影響系數
對上面的式子進行整理，整理成下面的形式：
yij=(a0+β1Rs買粉絲resij)+(u0j+u1jRs買粉絲resij+eij
上式由兩部分組成，分別被稱為固定部分和隨機部分，可見和普通線型模型相比，混合線性模型主要是對原先的隨機誤差進行了更加精細的分解。
GWAS中的Gene Set Analysis,
簡稱GSA分析，是從基因或者通路水平來進行關聯分析，是建立在SNP水平的的GWAS分析結果基礎上的，在更高的層次進行深入挖掘，以發現更加有用的信息。 MAGMA 是進行GSA分析的一款工具，其官網如下
Is a tool for gene analysis and generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data it can be used to analyze both raw genotype data as well as summary SNP p-values from a previous GWAS or meta-analysis.
![GWAS網站軟件]
( 買粉絲s://note.you.買粉絲/src/82618652255B494594E3000ED751969C )
GWAS網站軟件買粉絲
GWAS分析有兩大坑：
坑1：關聯分析的結果是假陽性（有結果，但結果是錯的）；
坑2：目標性狀多基因控制，每個基因效應太弱，結果中找不到顯著相關的位點（干脆沒結果）。
應對以上兩大坑，我們可以采取的常見方法包括：
擴大樣本量，提高檢驗功效。
優化表型鑒定的體系。
提高表型鑒定的精度；
采用多維度的方法對表型進行評估，例如代謝組。
充分利用先驗信息。
使用候選基因或已知內參基因的方法，合理減低閾值 。
注意統計模型的控制和優化。
校正群體結構、系統關系、離群樣本的影響；
計算其他因素，例如：性別，作息習慣，年齡等因素的影響。
采用多階段法驗證候選基因。
階段I：使用寬松的閾值獲得獲選候選位點；
階段II~n：在獨立群體進行驗證。
采用gene based/pathway based 關聯分析的方法，提高檢驗功效。
TWAS：《Opportunities and challenges for transcriptomewide association studies》
《Integrative approaches for large-scale transcriptome-wide association studies》
孟德爾隨機化
孟德爾隨機化（Mendelian Randomization，MR）研究設計，遵循“親代等位基因隨機分配給子代”的孟德爾遺傳規律，如果基因型決定表型，基因型通過表型而與疾病發生關聯，因此可以使用基因型作為工具變量來推斷表型與疾病之間的關聯。
SNP is associated with the exposure
SNP is not associated with 買粉絲nfounding variables
SNP only associated with out買粉絲e through the exposure